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Yield and grain quality of maturing stages of soft winter wheat with different fertilizer systems in crop rotation
The article presents the results of studying the formation of yield and grain quality (protein content, its output with yield, gluten content) of maturing stages of soft winter wheat with different fertilizer systems in crop rotation. It was found that on average for two years of studying the cultivation of KVS Emil, grain yield increased from 4.50 to 5.83 t/ha or 1.3 times during the application of N75 and up to 6.96 t/ha, or 1,5 times in the variant of the experiment with long-term application of 150 kg ai/ha of nitrogen fertilizers. The application of N75P30K40 increased it up to 6.43 t/ha or 1.4 times, and the application of complete fertilizer (N150P60K80) increased it up to 7.73 t/ha, or 1.7 times. Variants with incomplete return to the soil, removed with crops of phosphorus and potassium provided the formation of 1–3 % lower yield compared to complete fertilizer. The use of complete fertilizer in crop rotation contributed to the growth of the stability index of grain yield formation compared to the options without fertilizers, the application of P60K80 and the use of only nitrogen fertilizers. The yield of Rino soft wheat was signifcantly lower than that of KVS Emil. In addition, the efciency of fertilizer application was lower. Thus, on average for two years of research on unfertilized areas, it was 3.77 t/ha. The variant of the experiment with the use of the maximum dose of mineral fertilizers both in the crop rotation and in winter wheat contributed to an increase in yield by 1.5 times, and during the application of half of this dose – by 1.2 times in comparison with the control. The use of N75 increased the protein content in the KVS Emil grain up to 12.3 % or 5 %, and the application of N150 increased it up to 13.3 %, or 14 % compared to the option without fertilizers (11.7 %). The use of complete fertilizer provided an increase of this indicator by 8 % (N75P30K40) and by 17 % (N150P60K80). The protein content of Rino soft winter wheat was 20–23 % higher than that of KVS Emil. The application of 75 kg ai/ha of nitrogen fertilizers increased its content up to 15.4 % or 7 %, and the application of 150 kg ai/ha of nitrogen increased the protein content up to 15.9 % or 10 % compared to the option without fertilizers. The use of nitrogen fertilizers with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers increased the protein content by 0.2–0.5 % compared to the application of nitrogen fertilizers only. The stability index of protein content formation was high for growing both varieties – 1.02–1.06. In the agrotechnology of soft winter wheat, it is necessary to apply 75–150 kg ai/ha of nitrogen fertilizers against the background of P30K40. This fertilizer system provides the 13.2–13.8 % protein content in the KVS Emil grain, the gluten content – 28.5–30.6 %, the protein collection at the level of 965–1055 kg/ha. For the Rino variety, respectively, 15.5–16.3 %, 34.5–35.8 % and 810–880 kg/ha.
Key words: soft winter wheat, variety, fertilizer systems, yield, protein content, gluten content.
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