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Segetal plants impact on agricultural crops productivity under organic farming
Weediness in corn, buckwheat and soybean plantings under organic and conventional farming was studied. Segetal plants species structure, number and dry biomass in various phases of crops development are shown. Classification of weeds based on life span is given.
The following weed species were found in corn crops: in the organic field – Amaranthus retroflexus L., Ch. album,
E. crus-galli, Convolvulus arvensis L., Polygonum persicaria L., Setaria viridis L., Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Sonchus arvensis L., Capsella bursa-pastorіs (L.) Beauv., Thlaspi arvense L., Elymus repens (L.) Gould; in the control field –
A. retroflexus, Ch. album, E. crus-galli, C. arvensis, P. persicaria, S. viridis, Portulaca oleracea L., Oxalis acetosella L., E. repens.
E. crus-galli, Convolvulus arvensis L., Polygonum persicaria L., Setaria viridis L., Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Sonchus arvensis L., Capsella bursa-pastorіs (L.) Beauv., Thlaspi arvense L., Elymus repens (L.) Gould; in the control field –
A. retroflexus, Ch. album, E. crus-galli, C. arvensis, P. persicaria, S. viridis, Portulaca oleracea L., Oxalis acetosella L., E. repens.
The amount of segetal plants was nearly the same in the phase of 5-7 leaves under both technologies of corn growing. The number of weeds decreased with further corn growth and development – it ranged 56.8–121.3 under organic farming and 30.5–129.1 pcs./m2 under conventional farming.
The eudominant for traditional cultivation was E. crus-galli during all phases of the study making 31-93.2 % of the weed cenosis. For organic cultivation, each of species of A. retroflexus, E. crus-galli, P. persicaria L., C. bursa-pastorіs did not exceed 30 %.
Under conventional farming in buckwheat crops, the following types of weeds have occurred: A. retroflexus, Ch. album, E. crus-galli, C. arvensis. Under organic farming – A. retroflexus, Ch. album, E. crus-galli, C. arvensis, P. persicaria,
S. viridis, G. parviflora, S. arvensis, P. oleracea.
S. viridis, G. parviflora, S. arvensis, P. oleracea.
The weeds in the control buckwheat field were destroyed by a herbicide - their number varied from 6.5 to 9.0 pcs/m2 depending on the phase, the dry mass did not exceed 0.8 g/m2. E. crus-galli dominated in the organic technology fields , the ratio made 75.7-85.8 % of all weeds. In the period of buckwheat seed formation, the number of species in crops grows – up to 8 g/m2 with perennial root-sprout weeds C. arvensis, S. arvensis among them. When buckwheat seeds start to brown the dry mass of segetal plants is 148.4 g/m2, which is 99.8 % more than under conventional farming.
O. acetosella, C. arvensis, Raphanus raphanistrum L., P. persicaria, E. repens, S. viridis, E. crus-galli, Veronica hederifolia L., Ch. album occurred in winter wheat crops under conventional farming; O. acetosella, C. arvensis, S. viridis,
E. crus-galli, G. parviflora, Ch. album, A. retroflexus – under organic farming.
E. crus-galli, G. parviflora, Ch. album, A. retroflexus – under organic farming.
In winter wheat agrophytocenoses the amount of weeds was bigger under conventional farming than that under organic technology by 1.6; 1.3; 2.5 times according to the crop phases. The dry mass of segetal plants under conventional technology varied within 1.9–3.9 g/m2, under organic technology – 0.6–1.9 g/m2. Both the weeds number and their dry mass decreased with each phase of plant development.
E. crus-galli, S. viridis, O. acetosella, under organic technology – E. crus-galli were the most widespread in winter wheat agrophytocenoses under conventional technology.
Corn yield decreased by 36.6 % (28.7 kg/ha) under organic farming compared to conventional one, in winter wheat – by 19.7 % (1.5 kg/ha), in buckwheat – by 2.2 % (0.5 kg/ha). Corn productivity decrease occurred due to decreased weight of 1000 grains and structural elements (number of rows and seeds in a row). Winter wheat yield decreased under organic farming due to decreased number of grains in an ear. The competition between cultural and segetal plants for resources results in reduced crop productivity. The lowest yield loss was in buckwheat agrophytocenoses.
Additional weed control is advisable to minimize the impact of weediness on other groups of crops under organic farming. Their reasoning requires further research.
Key words: organic farming, conventional farming, segetal plants, weediness, crop yield.
Reference:
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