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The influence of biological preparations on the development of fungal diseases and crop yield of millet in Ukrainian Polissia

Grain is one of the most important sources of wealth in our state and it stands surety for of food security. Cereal crop have always dominated in the world agriculture and in Ukraine in particular. The value of grain production as a strategic industry is predetermined by constant demand and people’s high necessities the food made of grains.
Noteworthy are cereal crops, among which millet occupies an important place. millet is a leader among grain crops by the composition of the nutrients, it is a source the essential microelements (cuprum, iodine, bromine) and vitamins (B2, B5, B6),
the grain and by-products make good food for animals and poultry. Law seed rate, later sowing and a short vegetative season make millet an irreplaceable insurance and nutritional crop. However, an increase in the spread of fungal diseases in millet crops and incomplete implementation of cultural potential of the varieties productivity and quality of the crops yield have been observed over the last decade. Therefore, there is an objective need in theoretical and practical justification of environmentally viable methods to protect the crops from diseases.
To prevent the negative effects of intensive agriculture in recent years, scientists have begun to develop the systems which provides the protection of plants against harmful organisms to carry out firstly of all preventive methods – organizations, agricultural and biological.
Development and application of microbiological means for the improvement of crops plants nutrition and protection from diseases is one of the areas of ecologically appropriate husbandry, which have been formed recently. Namely, the microorganisms are the main factor of soil-forming process, plants’ nutrition and phytosanitary condition of crops. Therefore, the usage of biological preparations based on restimulated microorganisms and microorganisms-antagonists of phytopathogens is one of the methods of crops productivity increase without negative consequences for the environment.
The main aim of our research was to determine the influence of modern biological preparations on the fungal etiology pathogens development and the of millet grain yield formation in the Ukrainian Polissia.
The field experiments which were conducted in Ukrainian Polissia on Myronivske 51 variety of millet crops in the condition of an experimental field of the Institute of Polissia agriculture,  NAAS of Ukraine during 2013–2015. Monitoring of millet infestation with fungal infections was carried out on natural infectious background. The accounting area of the areas made 25 m2, with fourfold replication.
The scheme of the experiment included the following options: control (treatment with water); Agat – 25 K, f. p..; Biocomplex – BTU, r.; Guapsin, g.; Psevdobakterin – 2, w. r.; Fitotsid, r;.
The following millet crops fungal diseases were found out: brown leaf spot (Pyrenophora chaetomioides Sreg. (anamorph Helminthosporium panici-miliacei Nisicado)), piriculariose (Piricularia grisea Sacc.), root rot (fungi of the genus Helminthosporium spp. And Fusarium spp.), which has gained considerable development and harmfulness within the accounting years.
The highest development was noted on the control variant, where brown leaf spot lesion was 9.2 %, piriculariose – 4.8 %, and root rot – 13.2 %. Under applying the Psevdobakterin preparation – 2, v.g. plants of millet were affected by brown leaf spot was the lowest (5.1 %), piriculariose (2.9 %) and root rot (3.7 %).
Technical efficiency of Psevdobakterin – 2biological preparation, 0,5 l/ha for crops was the highest and amounted to 47.8 against brown leaf spot, piriculariose – 29.2 and root rot – 50.8 %.
Low technical efficiency in protecting crops from fungal diseases of millet was found out for Biocomplex – BTU biolo-gical preparation where his figures were respectively 13.0, 10.4 and 14.4 %.
It was found that the use of biological preparations reduces the development of fungal diseases in millet agrocenosis and substantially enhances grain yield. Therefore, the highest productivity was provided under double spraying of the Psevdobakterin – 2 preparation, under introducing 0.5 l/ha, which gave an opportunity to get 1.39 tonnes/ha the harvest, which is 0.34 t/ha or 32.4 % more than on the control. The preparation applying is essential in hen millet organic production. A practical interest to a biological method grows because it is safe for humans and warm-blooded animals and environment protection.
Biological preparations show a high selective action, they are suitable for production and have inexhaustible resources for the permanent increase of volumes.
Key words: millet, fungal diseases, biological preparations, technical effectiveness, crop yield.
 
M. Kluchevіch


S. Stoliar


A. Melnychuk


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AGROBIOLOGY №1 2017