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Productivity of foreign hybrids of sugar beet in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine
The biological basis of sugar beet production is a variety or hybrid. Therefore, the whole set of agricultural techniques is be directed to the maximal realization of its genetic potential. Today, in the Register of plant varieties of Ukraine there are more than 100 varieties and hybrids of sugar beet, many of them are owned and by foreign seed companies.
The present level of agriculture requires a comprehensive study of the advantages of the currently used hybrids of sugar beet. This will help to use more efficiently their biological potential in the production.
High performance, good technological properties of roots that characterize the modern hybrids are due to the effect of heterosis and high genetic potential of the original parental forms. Much work have been done by the plant selection breeders who in the process of singling out the starting material for breeding, consider not only the yield ability of the roots and sugar content indicator, but also all the elements and features of the yield formation.
Therefore, the aim of our research was to study of the peculiarities of yield formation of modern sugar beet hybrids of foreign origin in the given soil and climatic conditions.
The trial was conducted during 2014-2015 on the plots of the farm "Rasavske" (Kagarlyksky district, Kyiv region) on the typical clay loam black soil with low humus content. The humus content rate by Tyurin was 4.53-4.62 %, mobile phosphorus and exchange potassium by Chyrykov 157-160 and 142-185 mg/kg respectively.
The seeds of the foreign hybrids Daria, Carmelita, Hloriana, Sezariya, Olesya, Nastya, Acacia, Alyona, Lavinia and Korryda were given for the trial by the company KBC. The seeds had the same sowing qualities that corresponded to class I by ISO. The area of the planted plots was 201.6 m2, recorded plots – 50 m2, repetition – three times. The farming techniques of sugar beet growing were common for the right bank area of the central steppe zone of Ukraine.
Observations and recording demonstrated that the growth, development and productivity of sugar beets grown using the same agricultural techniques of cultivation significantly depend on the peculiarities of the hybrids that have been studied.
The plant stand density rate before harvesting in the hybrids comprised 100,000 plants/hec.
The productivity analysis demonstrated that the highest root yield rate was observed in such hybrids as Daria (79.8 t/ha), Aliona (76.2 t/ha) and Acacia (75.0 t/ha). The hybrid Olesia had the lowest yield rate – 60.0 t/ha, but the highest sugar content – 21.4 %. Besides the hybrid Olesya, the highest sugar content of the roots was also observed in the hybrids Alyona (19.6 %), Cesaria (18.8 %) and Acacia (18.6 %).
The highest technological properties of the sugar beet hybrid during the trial period had the hybrid Aliona, as the qualitative suitability of the celular juice was 81.0 %, the content of soluble conductometric ash – 0.268 %, the loss of sugar in molasses – 1.01 %, МВ factor – 11.4 and the calculated sugar yield – 17.69 %. In the hybrid Olesia, the technological qualities of the roots were at approximately the same level, but taking into consideration its overall sugar recovery rate per hectare, it was 1.83 t/ha less compared to the hybrid Aliona. The worst technological qualities of the roots were recorded in the hybrid Nastia, consequently the lowest overall sugar recovery rate was 9.68 t/ha.
The realization of the breeding and genetic potential of sugar beet depends on its hybrids as of one of the components of sugar beet production intensification. On average, during two-year trial, conducted in the given climatic conditions on the plots of the private farm "Rasavske" (Kagarlyksky district, Kyiv region) the most efficient were the hybrids Aliona, Acacia and Dariа. The highest root yield rates were 76.2, 75.0 and 79.8 t/ha respectively, and sugar yield rate – 13.48, 12.32 and 12.05 t/ha. Further research is to be carried out, taking into consideration additional disease-resistant properties of the hybrids of both native and foreign selection. It will make possible to understand their adaptability to the conditions of the right bank of the central forest steppe zone of Ukraine.
Key words: sugar beet, hybrids, productivity, technological properties.
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