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Formation of varietal resources of winter wheat

 

The article highlights the specifcs of the formation of varietal resources of winter wheat in Ukraine. It is shown that the creation of new varieties is a long, laborious and expensive material and intellectual process. The scheme of the selection process of winter wheat is complex and includes at least 12 stages, during which various selection methods are used. Breeding work to create one variety takes 6–12 years. Analysis of the structure of the State Register of Plant Varieties Allowed for Distribution in Ukraine revealed that as of 2022, 661 varieties of winter wheat were entered into the Register, including 470 varieties of Ukrainian selection, which is 71.1 % of their total number. Over the past fve years, the number of winter wheat varieties in the Register of Plant Varieties has increased 1.7 times, from 273 in 2017 to 470 in 2022. During this period, varieties of foreign selection entered the Register more actively, which in 2022 amounted to 28.9 % of the total number, while in 2017 they were 19.9 %. The majority of created varieties – 43.4%, are recommended for distribution in all soil and climatic zones of Ukraine – Steppe, Forest-Steppe and Polissia. By groups of ripeness, the largest number of varieties is 43.5 % medium-ripe and 37.2 % – medium-early varieties. The analysis of the activity of the originators of varieties of domestic breeding showed that the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics of the National Academy of Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences is the leader, and in 2022, 102 varieties or 21.7 % of the total number of domestic varieties were entered into the Register. The main direction of the selection work of this institute is the creation of plastic varieties of winter wheat for distribution in all zones of Ukraine – steppe, forest-steppe and Polissia, the share of these varieties from their total number is 61.8 %, mainly these are mid-early and mid-ripening varieties. According to the level of productivity and the direction of use, the wheat varieties of the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine are conditionally divided into two groups: short-stemmed, high-intensity varieties, which under favorable climatic conditions and intensive cultivation technologies are able to form a grain yield of up to 10 t/ha and more, and medium-growing varieties of universal use, which in extreme growing conditions exceed the yield of high-intensity varieties.

Key words: Register of varieties, selection process, maturity groups, distribution of varieties, domestic selection.

 

Konovalov D.


Polishchuk V.


Karpuk L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5860-5286


Chuhleb S.


Skhlyar V.


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AGROBIOLOGY №1 2023