It was investigated the state and the prospects of introduction of organic agriculture in Ukraine. It was determined that in the most of small farms of Ukraine over the past 10-15 years have a tendency reducing of application agrochemicals due to lack of current assets for the acquisition and application.
It was reasonably prerequisites for introduction of productions environmentally friendly production as Ukraine has a significant area of fertile chernozem, not polluted by technogenic influence of soils and cheap labor. Therefore our ecological product on the global market can potentially be out of competition.
It was proved that the share grain in a crop rotation can't exceed 50 % of total area which predecessors have to be fallows and bean cultures, for replenishment of reserves of organic substance we need to plow to the soil accessory products of crop production and green manure crops and pest control must to be based on agrotechnical and biological methods.
The elements of cultivation technology of winter wheat in organic farming. Based on the review of scientific original sources we could model organic technology for growing crops, including winter wheat [7,8].
In organic farming (without using agrochemicals) very important is crop rotation and tillage.
Crop rotation. For growing organic wheat we should observe accepted rules to reduce the impact of diseases, pests and weeds in the crop rotation. The share of cereals should not exceed 50 % of the total area of rotation. The gap in time between wheat, barley and oats should be at least 2-3 years.
Among other cereal crops the wheat should be placed following the best predecessors in rotation. Optimal predecessors of winter wheat can be: bare and occupied (bean and cereal mixes, cruciferous and cereal mixes) fallow, perennial legumes grasses, leguminous crops, colza, mustard white, phacelia, lupine, corn for silage.
An important element of organic farming is plowing under into the soil accessory products (straw, chaff, beet tops of vegetable, cormophyte mass of sunflower and corn, etc) to resupply of organic matter.
Tillage. After perennial and annual grasses, corn, colza, green manure and other predecessors which have eddish for 2-3 weeks before sowing, the field should plow to a depth 16-18 cm by reversible plows.
Another option could be deep disk plowing to a depth 10-12 cm by heavy disk harrows.
Presowing soil tillage must ensure a favorable structural-aggregate composition (small granules) seed layer with compacted seed bed. For this the best to use high performance combined cultivating units (such as "Europack") or precision cultivators (such as “Treffler”).
Presowing tillage and sowing desirable to conduct with a minimum gap of time to conserve moisture in the soil.
Power supply. In the organic farming necessity for nitrogen is provided through its fixing legume crops from the air, decomposition of accessory products matter of preceding crop, green manures and mineralization of humus.
At present moment farmers widely use Humate that is easily soluble humic preparations created with using lignite, peat, sapropel and other substances.
Application humate helps: increase yield on 10-25 %, improves product quality (increase gluten, protein), promotions plant immunity, improves winter and drought resistance, increases field germination and resistance to pathogens, stimulates photosynthesis.
Humates is applied during seed treatment and foliar application: Humisol Super with rates of seed treatment – 4-8 l/t, foliar application – 2 l/ha.
Sowing. In organic farming it is necessary to adhere strictly sowing time, the depth of seeding and formation of optimum density of plant stand.
Early terms of sowing increases the risk of development of diseases, competition with weeds, perishing and suffocation under snow.
For late sowing time there is a risk of freezing and reduction of grain yield. Therefore, while choosing sowing time it is necessary carefully to weigh all the "pros" and "cons" as early and late sowing times.
While calculating the rates of seeding we should to adhere strictly the recommendations of originators of varieties and take into account soil and climatic conditions.
In areas with high risk of freezing is recommended seeding rate increase by 10-15%.
Observance of the recommended seeding depth (3-5 cm) promotes optimum tillering, formation of secondary root system and good winter hardiness of plants.
Control weeds. The main methods of reducing the number of weeds in organic agriculture are: compliance crop rotation, terms of sowing, sowing density, provoking the germination of seeds and destruction of weeds in presowing period by soil-cultivating tools, narrow-rowed crops.
The degree of weeds contamination 5-10 % does not result in inhibition of wheat. Early recovery of spring vegetation and intensive development give an opportunity of wheat plants to compete successfully with earlier and later types of weeds.
One of the methods of controlling weeds in phase white threads is harrowing by spring-tooth harrows along the diagonal of field in tillering phase (at the same time soil crust and capillaries is destroyed to stop the evaporation of moisture, improves soil aeration).
Disease control. The main methods of disease control in organic agriculture is prophylactic, biological and agrotechnical (observance of crop rotation, choosing disease resistant varieties, using of quality seeds, keeping sowing time and density of plant stand) methods.
We can use such bacterial preparations:
- Tryhodermin (consumption rate 5-10 l/ha, or 30-40 g/kg seed) utilize against scab, wire stem, fusariosis, anthracnose and phytophthora.
- Haupsyn (4-6 l/ha) utilize against diseases (mildew, septoria spot, scab, phytophthora and leaf curl) and pests (apple worm, plant louse, web tick, and others).
Pest Control. An Agrotechnical method of pest control is the similar methods like disease control in organic farming. In addition we can use Trichogramma and Telenomus.
For obtaining productivity of grain of the winter wheat at the level of 35-40 c/hectare which is grown up on technology of organic agriculture we consider necessary:
As predecessors to use bare fallow, cereal and bean grass mix for a green forage and bean cultures.
For preservation positive balance of humus in the soil to utilize organic manure and at their absence to plow to the soil accessory products of crop production and green manure crops.
To promote development of useful microflora and worms in the soil which provide with waste products cultural plants.
To apply biological preparation EM-1 which contains: photosynthetic bacteria, bacteria which produce phosphorus, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and lactic acid bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, the fermented mushrooms?
For weed control to use agrotechnical methods: crop rotation, seedbed density, provocative measures for germination and further destruction of weeds in a phase of white thread wide-cut units.
For pest and diseases control to utilize: prophylaxis, resistant varieties, bacteria preparation (tryhodermin, haupsyn, baktorodentsyd) entomophages (trikhogramm, telenomus).
Key words: biological crop production, ecological agriculture, biological products, biologically active agents, biocides, soil microorganisms, nitrifying, ammonifying bacteria and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, soil fertility.
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